Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727])[1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher,alchemist, and theologian who is perceived and considered by a substantial number of scholars and the general public as one of the most influential scientists in history. His 1687 publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually called the Principia) is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earthand of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution.
Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope[7] and developed
| Sir Isaac Newton | |
|---|---|
 Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton (aged 46) | |
| Born | 4 January 1643 [OS: 25 December 1642][1] Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth Lincolnshire, England |
| Died | 31 March 1727 (aged 84) [OS: 20 March 1727][1] Kensington, Middlesex, England |
| Residence | England |
| Fields | physics, mathematics, astronomy,natural philosophy, alchemy, theology |
| Institutions | University of Cambridge Royal Society Royal Mint |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Academic advisors | Isaac Barrow[2] Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4] |
| Notable students | Roger Cotes William Whiston |
| Known for | Newtonian mechanics Universal gravitation Calculus Optics |
| Influences | Henry More[5] Polish Brethren[6] |
| Influenced | Nicolas Fatio de Duillier John Keill |
Signature | |
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March a theory of colourbased on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied thespeed of sound.
In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.
Newton remains influential to scientists, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of members of Britain's Royal Society (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Albert Einstein. Royal Society scientists deemed Newton to have made the greater overall contribution.[8] In 1999, leading physicists from all over the world voted Einstein "greatest physicist ever;" Newton was the runner-up.[9]
Newton was also highly religious, though an unorthodox Christian, writing more on Biblical hermeneutics than the natural science he is remembered for today.
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